Bivariate Copula Based Models for the Dependence of Maternal Mortality Ratio(MMR) on Gross Domestic Product(GDP) and Total Fertility Rate(TFR)
Gabriel Asare Okyere *
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, Kumasi, Ghana.
Godfred Zaachi
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, Kumasi, Ghana.
Emmanuel K. Owusu-Mintah
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB, Kumasi, Ghana.
Charles K. Amponsah
University of Nevada, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, 1664N Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Global progress towards reducing high Maternal Mortality Rates (MMR) turned to be defeated by high maternal mortalities originating from developing countries. In rural Ghana, the lack of logistics, medical and laboratory equipment are among other key factors responsible for the high MMR despite several interventions structured to curb this menace. Improvement in the country's health care delivery will require substantial investment into maternal and child health especially, in order to meet the national SDG target on MMR.This paper demonstrates societal benets of investment in maternal and child health in order to stimulate stakeholders interest in resource mobilization by the correlation of MMR with such economic and demographic indicators as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Total Fertility Rate (TFR). The underlying probability distributions for MMR, TFR and GDP were determined using the corrected Akaike Information Criteria (cAIC) with parameters estimated via the maximum likelihood framework. MMR and TFR showed a positive association (0.83) whilst an inverse relation exist between MMR and GDP (-0.67) and TFR and GDP (-0.76). The contour and joint density plots from appendix A and B indicate a strong lower tail dependence for the bivariate Frank copula with Gamma and Lognormal margins whereas the Gumbel copula with Gamma and Lognormal margins
shows strong upper tail dependence. Correlation gures tend to suggests that improved GDP as a consequence of improved socio-economic conditions of a Ghanaian mother tend to reduce Maternal Mortalities whilst increased fertility rates turn to increase MMR. Generally, evidence has been drawn to improvement in GDP.
Keywords: Maternal mortality ratio, total fertility rate, gross domestic product, copula, aikaike information criteria(AIC).